Mystery pack math, explained honestly

Everything on PullValue — the EV ratios, observed odds, verdicts — comes from one idea: you should know what a pack is statistically worth before you rip it. These guides explain the concepts behind the numbers, using the same live data the rankings run on. Terms are defined in the glossary; every formula is documented in the methodology.

• What is pack EV?

  Expected value, EV ratio, and break-even — the math in plain English.

• Why average EV lies

  Median pulls, dilution, and the grail problem: what a typical rip really returns.

• The 90% buyback, explained

  What FMV means, what you actually cash out, and when to hold instead.

• Shipping & redemption fees

  The costs that quietly turn small wins into losses — and how to avoid them.

• Is Courtyard worth it?

  An honest, numbers-first answer, updated by live pack data.